{"text_format":"3","workbook":"xlsx","n_sheets":1,"sheets":["tool"],"not_rendered":{"images":5,"defined_names":1},"read":"whole","date_system":"1900"}

{"sheet":"tool","index":0,"n_rows":1200,"n_cols":14,"rows_kept":1200,"merged":[[1,1,1,12],[2,1,3,12],[4,1,4,12],[5,1,5,12],[6,1,6,12],[7,1,8,12],[9,1,9,12],[10,1,10,12],[11,1,11,12],[14,1,14,12],[19,2,19,6],[21,2,21,6],[23,2,23,6],[25,2,25,6],[27,2,27,6],[29,2,29,6],[31,2,31,6],[33,2,33,6],[35,2,35,6],[37,2,37,6],[39,2,39,6],[41,2,41,6],[43,1,43,12],[44,1,44,12],[45,1,45,12],[46,3,46,10],[50,1,50,11],[55,1,58,12],[59,1,62,12],[64,1,67,12],[68,1,71,12],[73,1,76,12],[77,1,80,12],[87,1,87,11],[92,1,95,12],[96,1,99,12],[101,1,104,12],[105,1,108,12],[110,1,113,12],[114,1,117,12],[124,1,124,11],[129,1,132,12],[133,1,136,12],[138,1,141,12],[142,1,145,12],[147,1,150,12],[151,1,154,12],[161,1,161,11],[166,1,169,12],[170,1,173,12],[175,1,178,12],[179,1,182,12],[184,1,187,12],[188,1,191,12],[197,1,197,11],[234,1,234,11],[271,1,271,11],[308,1,308,11],[345,1,345,11],[382,1,382,11],[419,1,419,11],[456,1,456,11],[493,1,493,11],[530,1,530,11],[567,1,567,11],[604,1,604,11]]}
[]
[null,"Are you more REACTIVE or more RESPONSIVE?"]
[null,"innocence offending"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Self-assess if you unwittingly violate squashed rights of the wrongly convicted innocent"]
[]
[]
[null,"Are you a legalist?"]
[null,"Are you a \"useful idiot\" legalist?"]
[]
[]
["#","Self-assess your risk to the innocent",{"$nulls":11},"$"]
[]
[]
[null,"How much do you believe any of these statements?"]
[null,"1. Do you believe that people generally get what they deserve?"]
[]
[null,"2. Do you believe that all or at least most prisoners claim they're innocent?"]
[]
[null,"3. Do you believe that high conviction rates contribute to a reduction in crime?"]
[]
[null,"4. Do you believe that the U.S. has the best judicial system in the world?"]
[]
[null,"5. Do you believe that wrongful convictions of the innocent rarely occur?"]
[]
[null,"6. Do you believe that a criminal defendant is more likely to lie than a police officer?"]
[]
[null,"7.  Do you believe that if someone gets arrested, they must have done something wrong?"]
[]
[null,"8. Do you believe that no one would confess to a crime unless they're guilty in some way?"]
[]
[null,"9. Do you believe that forensics evidence provides conclusive proof of culpability?"]
[]
[null,"10. Do you believe that the appeals process will correct any miscarriages of justice?"]
[]
[null,"11. Do you believe that eyewitness identification of a perpetrator is consistently reliable?"]
[]
[null,"12. Do you believe that the judge is the most powerful person in the criminal justice system?"]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B1037","v":"Be sure to respond to each item to get a score."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1035>12,K1039,\"\")","v":""}]
[null,{"$f":"IF(B44=B1038,\"\",\"See the results of your answers below. Unpack these myths further by clicking this button.\")","v":""}]
[{"$nulls":3},{"$f":"IF(B46=\"\",\"\",\"Question your beliefs about 'justice'\")","v":""}]
[]
[]
[]
["#",{"$f":"K1035","v":"Do you share these questions?"},{"$nulls":11},"$"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1011>0,B1010,M1010)","v":"People generally get what they deserve."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1049,D1051)","v":"If people generally get what they deserve, then why entertain claims of wrongful conviction innocence? No one ends up in prison unless they did something to deserve being there, right?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1050,D1052)","v":"After all, isn't the world a just place? How can anyone end up in prison unless they did something criminal?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1013>0,B1012,M1012)","v":"All prisoners claim to be innocent."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1055,D1057)","v":"If all or most prisoners claim they're innocent, then why not disregard any innocence claim? How can we know which are valid innocence claims if they all claim to be innocent?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1056,D1058)","v":"After all, aren't all prisoners in denial about their culpability? Aren't they trying to weasel out of being properly punished?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1015>0,B1014,M1014)","v":"High conviction rates reduces crime."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1061,D1063)","v":"Why would prosecutors seek to convict as many as possible unless they had evidence it keeps the public safe from criminals? Isn't the rise of crime in part from soft law enforcement?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1062,D1064)","v":"If prosecutors didn't seek to convict each indicted jail detainee, wouldn't the crime rate increase? Isn't the prosecutor's job to maintain high conviction rates?"}]
{"$rows_empty":9}
["#",{"$f":"K1035","v":"Do you share these questions?"},{"$nulls":11},"$"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1017>0,B1016,M1016)","v":"America has the best judicial system in the world."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1067,D1069)","v":"Doesn't the U.S. judicial system guarantee due process rights in more ways than any other system in the world? Isn't the judicial system in the U.S. most careful to not incarcerate the innocent?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1068,D1070)","v":"Would you rather be arrested for a crime in China or Iran? Why not appreciate the right to face your accuser, to know the evidence against you, and know you will be given a fair trial before your peers?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1019>0,B1018,M1018)","v":"Wrongful convictions of the innocent are rare."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1073,D1075)","v":"If actual innocence is truly rare, then do you perceive most claims of wrongful conviction are based on legal technicalities? Or simply false?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1074,D1076)","v":"Do you agree with some legal researchers that estimate the percentage of wrongful convictions is less than 1% of all criminal convictions? "}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1021>0,B1020,M1020)","v":"Criminals lie more than the police."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1079,D1081)","v":"Do you view criminal defendants as motivated to lie, to deceive, to hide their culpability? Do you see them as morally beneath the officers who arrest them?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1080,D1082)","v":"Do you trust a police officer to be more honest with you than an accused criminal? Do you believe criminals repeatedly lie to avoid responsibility?"}]
{"$rows_empty":9}
["#",{"$f":"K1035","v":"Do you share these questions?"},{"$nulls":11},"$"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1023>0,B1022,M1022)","v":"Anyone arrested must have done something wrong."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1085,D1087)","v":"Do you believe police officers are trained to only arrest someone who clearly broke some law? Are you sure they would never arrest you unless you violated some law?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1086,D1088)","v":"If a police officer kept arresting those who did nothing wrong, wouldn't they get reprimanded? Wouldn't their career suffer?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1025>0,B1024,M1024)","v":"No one would confess to a crime unless they're guilty."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1091,D1093)","v":"Do you believe that the only way you would admit to any crime is if you actually did the deed? Especially if you had nothing to do with it?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1092,D1094)","v":"Are you sure that those taking a plea deal must have done something criminal? If they didn't do anything wrong, then why would they confess to it?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1027>0,B1026,M1026)","v":"Forensic evidence points conclusively to culpability."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1097,D1099)","v":"Aren't all those CSI shows on TV demonstrating the power of scientific evidence to identify the guilty? Don't we trust the science?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1098,D1100)","v":"Don't burn patterns point conclusively to arson? Bite marks to the violent biter? Blood spatter to the culprit? Aren't these validated by scientific research?"}]
{"$rows_empty":9}
["#",{"$f":"K1035","v":"Do you share these questions?"},{"$nulls":11},"$"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1029>0,B1028,M1028)","v":"The appellate process corrects miscarriages of justice."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1103,D1105)","v":"Isn't the role of the appellate process to catch and correct miscarriages of justice? Including faulty convictions from legal technicalities?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1104,D1106)","v":"Doesn't the fact that the appellate panel reverses few convictions serve as proof that wrongful convictions are truly rare? Isn't this proof we have a good working justice system?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1031>0,B1030,M1030)","v":"Eyewitness ID of a perpetrator is reliable."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1109,D1111)","v":"Are you certain you can identify someone who hit you? Even if you only had a split second glimpse of them in the dark?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1110,D1112)","v":"Do you trust that police lineups are conducted with rigorous standards? Or that our criminal system is already too soft on criminals and not supportive enough of those volunteering to serve as an eyewitness?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1033>0,B1032,M1032)","v":"The judge is the most powerful person in a courtroom."}]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1115,D1117)","v":"Isn't the trial judge the one with most of the social influence during a criminal investigation? Doesn't the judge control all the decisions shaping a trial outcome?"}]
[]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF($E$1035=12,D1116,D1118)","v":"Doesn't the prosecutor acquiesce to the options laid out by the trial judge? Isn't the prosecutor limited by what the judge decides as legally fair or not?"}]
{"$rows_empty":8}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":36}
["#",{"$nulls":12},"$"]
{"$rows_empty":395}
[null,"UNDER THE HOOD start"]
[]
[{"$nulls":4},5,"I strongly agree"]
[{"$nulls":4},4,"I somewhat agree"]
[{"$nulls":4},3,"I neither agree nor disagree"]
[{"$nulls":4},2,"I somewhat disagree"]
[{"$nulls":4},1,"I strongly disagree"]
[]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B19","v":"1. Do you believe that people generally get what they deserve?"},{"$nulls":10},"People generally get what they deserve."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C20","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1011=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1011=0,0,IF(C1011=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1011=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1011=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1011=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1011=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B21","v":"2. Do you believe that all or at least most prisoners claim they're innocent?"},{"$nulls":10},"All prisoners claim to be innocent."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C22","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1013=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1013=0,0,IF(C1013=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1013=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1013=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1013=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1013=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B23","v":"3. Do you believe that high conviction rates contribute to a reduction in crime?"},{"$nulls":10},"High conviction rates reduces crime."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C24","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1015=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1015=0,0,IF(C1015=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1015=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1015=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1015=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1015=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B25","v":"4. Do you believe that the U.S. has the best judicial system in the world?"},{"$nulls":10},"America has the best judicial system in the world."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C26","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1017=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1017=0,0,IF(C1017=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1017=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1017=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1017=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1017=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B27","v":"5. Do you believe that wrongful convictions of the innocent rarely occur?"},{"$nulls":10},"Wrongful convictions of the innocent are rare."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C28","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1019=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1019=0,0,IF(C1019=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1019=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1019=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1019=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1019=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B29","v":"6. Do you believe that a criminal defendant is more likely to lie than a police officer?"},{"$nulls":10},"Criminals lie more than the police."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C30","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1021=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1021=0,0,IF(C1021=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1021=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1021=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1021=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1021=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B31","v":"7.  Do you believe that if someone gets arrested, they must have done something wrong?"},{"$nulls":10},"Anyone arrested must have done something wrong."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C32","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1023=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1023=0,0,IF(C1023=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1023=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1023=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1023=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1023=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B33","v":"8. Do you believe that no one would confess to a crime unless they're guilty in some way?"},{"$nulls":10},"No one would confess to a crime unless they're guilty."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C34","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1025=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1025=0,0,IF(C1025=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1025=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1025=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1025=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1025=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B35","v":"9. Do you believe that forensics evidence provides conclusive proof of culpability?"},{"$nulls":10},"Forensic evidence points conclusively to culpability."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C36","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1027=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1027=0,0,IF(C1027=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1027=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1027=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1027=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1027=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B37","v":"10. Do you believe that the appeals process will correct any miscarriages of justice?"},{"$nulls":10},"The appellate process corrects miscarriages of justice."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C38","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1029=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1029=0,0,IF(C1029=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1029=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1029=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1029=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1029=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B39","v":"11. Do you believe that eyewitness identification of a perpetrator is consistently reliable?"},{"$nulls":10},"Eyewitness ID of a perpetrator is reliable."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C40","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1031=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1031=0,0,IF(C1031=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1031=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1031=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1031=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1031=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0}]
[null,{"$f":"B41","v":"12. Do you believe that the judge is the most powerful person in the criminal justice system?"},{"$nulls":10},"The judge is the most powerful person in a courtroom."]
[null,null,{"$f":"C42","v":0},null,{"$f":"IF(C1033=0,0,1)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C1033=0,0,IF(C1033=F$1003,E$1003,IF(C1033=F$1004,E$1004,IF(C1033=F$1005,E$1005,IF(C1033=F$1006,E$1006,IF(C1033=F$1007,E$1007))))))","v":0},{"$nulls":4},"Let's unpack these 12 myths"]
[{"$nulls":10},"Do you share these questions?"]
[{"$nulls":4},{"$f":"SUM(E1011:E1033)","v":0},{"$f":"SUM(F1011:F1033)","v":0},{"$nulls":4},{"$f":"IF(E1035=12,K1033,K1034)","v":"Do you share these questions?"}]
[]
[null,{"$f":"IF(F1035<=12,B1038,B1039)","v":"Be sure to respond to each item to get a score."}]
[null,"Be sure to respond to each item to get a score."]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(E1039,F1039,G1039,H1039,I1039,J1039)","v":"Your responses give you a score of 0 of out of 60. "},null,"","Your responses give you a score of ",null,{"$f":"F1035","v":0}," of out of ",{"$f":"12*5","v":60},". ",{"$f":"G1041","v":"Please respond to all items to get a score."}]
[]
[{"$nulls":6},{"$f":"IF(AND(F1035>=E1042,F1035<F1042),G1042,IF(AND(F1035>=E1043,F1035<F1043),G1043,IF(AND(F1035>=E1044,F1035<F1044),G1044,IF(AND(F1035>=E1045,F1035<F1045),G1045,IF(AND(F1035<=E1046,F1035<F1046),G1046)))))","v":"Please respond to all items to get a score."}]
[{"$nulls":4},0,{"$f":"E1043","v":13},"Please respond to all items to get a score."]
[{"$nulls":4},13,{"$f":"E1043+12","v":25},"You're likely not innocence offending."]
[{"$nulls":4},{"$f":"F1043","v":25},{"$f":"E1044+12","v":37},"You're likely not yet innocence offending."]
[{"$nulls":4},{"$f":"F1044","v":37},{"$f":"E1045+12","v":49},"You are at risk of innocence offending. "]
[{"$nulls":4},{"$f":"F1045","v":49},{"$f":"E1046+12","v":61},"You're most likely innocence offending."]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B55","v":"People generally get what they deserve."}]
[null,null,"A1","The belief that “people generally get what they deserve” is a common worldview, but it’s more myth than reality. It flows from a widely accepted cogntive bias known as the \"just world belief\". It genralizes that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people, like being accused and convicted of a crime."]
[null,null,"A2","This oversimplifies a world driven by both human agency and uncontrollable factors. Real wisdom is accepting complexity—people sometimes reap the rewards of their choices, but just as often, circumstances beyond their control shape their lives. Including being falsely accused of a crime."]
[null,null,"B1","If people generally get what they deserve, then why entertain claims of wrongful conviction innocence? No one ends up in prison unless they did something to deserve being there, right?"]
[null,null,"B2","After all, isn't the world a just place? How can anyone end up in prison unless they did something criminal?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B64","v":"All prisoners claim to be innocent."}]
[null,null,"A1","The myth that all or most prisoners claim they're innocent is not supported by evidence: in reality, the majority of prisoners admit guilt, and only a minority persistently claim innocence after conviction."]
[null,null,"A2","Most prisoners do not claim innocence, and the belief that they do is a persistent myth not backed by actual inmate behavior or data."]
[null,null,"B1","If all or most prisoners claim they're innocent, then why not disregard any innocence claim? How can we know which are valid innocence claims if they all claim to be innocent?"]
[null,null,"B2","After all, aren't all prisoners in denial about their culpability? Aren't they trying to weasel out of being properly punished?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B73","v":"High conviction rates reduces crime."}]
[null,null,"A1","High conviction rates do not significantly contribute to a reduction in crime, according to a broad consensus of contemporary research and statistical analysis."]
[null,null,"A2","The myth that high conviction rates lead to a significant reduction in crime is not supported by evidence; instead, crime is better addressed through social investments, improved policing strategies, and community supports."]
[null,null,"B1","Why would prosecutors seek to convict as many as possible unless they had evidence it keeps the public safe from criminals? Isn't the rise of crime in part from soft law enforcement?"]
[null,null,"B2","If prosecutors didn't seek to convict each indicted jail detainee, wouldn't the crime rate increase? Isn't the prosecutor's job to maintain high conviction rates?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B92","v":"America has the best judicial system in the world."}]
[null,null,"A1","The claim that the U.S. has the best judicial system in the world is a myth; internationally, many other countries consistently outperform the U.S. in key areas of justice, fairness, and transparency."]
[null,null,"A2","While the U.S. judicial system has strengths, particularly in constitutional rights and legal precedent, it is not the top-ranked globally, and several countries offer judicial systems that are considered fairer and more effective by international standards."]
[null,null,"B1","Doesn't the U.S. judicial system guarantee due process rights in more ways than any other system in the world? Isn't the judicial system in the U.S. most careful to not incarcerate the innocent?"]
[null,null,"B2","Would you rather be arrested for a crime in China or Iran? Why not appreciate the right to face your accuser, to know the evidence against you, and know you will be given a fair trial before your peers?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B101","v":"Wrongful convictions of the innocent are rare."}]
[null,null,"A1","The myth that wrongful convictions of the innocent rarely occur is decisively false; evidence shows that wrongful convictions are more common than most people realize, with thousands affected each year."]
[null,null,"A2","In short, wrongful convictions are a significant, recurring problem in the justice system, directly debunking the myth that they are rare."]
[null,null,"B1","If actual innocence is truly rare, then do you perceive most claims of wrongful conviction are based on legal technicalities? Or simply false?"]
[null,null,"B2","Do you agree with some legal researchers that estimate the percentage of wrongful convictions is less than 1% of all criminal convictions? "]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B110","v":"Criminals lie more than the police."}]
[null,null,"A1","The myth that a criminal defendant is more likely to lie than a police officer is not supported by evidence or logic—police officers also regularly lie, both inside and outside the courtroom, and their profession sometimes incentivizes deceit as part of investigations or to protect themselves or colleagues."]
[null,null,"A2","Both criminal defendants and police officers have complex motivations and pressures affecting truthfulness, and being a police officer does not inherently make someone more honest than a defendant. The myth persists due to biases and cultural perceptions, not due to any factual basis or evidence."]
[null,null,"B1","Do you view criminal defendants as motivated to lie, to deceive, to hide their culpability? Do you see them as morally beneath the officers who arrest them?"]
[null,null,"B2","Do you trust a police officer to be more honest with you than an accused criminal? Do you believe criminals repeatedly lie to avoid responsibility?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B129","v":"Anyone arrested must have done something wrong."}]
[null,null,"A1","That's a great myth to unpack, because it touches on justice, fairness, and common misconceptions. Myth: If someone is arrested, they must have done something wrong. Reality: Being arrested does not equal guilt or proof of wrongdoing."]
[null,null,"A2","Bottom line, an arrest is not proof of guilt. It’s only an indication that police believe further investigation or legal proceedings are justified. Judging someone guilty just because they were arrested ignores due process, the presumption of innocence, and the very real issue of wrongful arrests."]
[null,null,"B1","Do you believe police officers are trained to only arrest someone who clearly broke some law? Are you sure they would never arrest you unless you violated some law?"]
[null,null,"B2","If a police officer kept arresting those who did nothing wrong, wouldn't they get reprimanded? Wouldn't their career suffer?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B138","v":"No one would confess to a crime unless they're guilty."}]
[null,null,"A1","The belief that no one would confess to a crime unless they're guilty is a myth; in reality, many people falsely confess to crimes they did not commit due to psychological, situational, and systemic pressures."]
[null,null,"A2","A confession is not irrefutable proof of guilt—innocent people sometimes confess due to powerful psychological, procedural, and social factors, which are well-documented in law, psychology, and criminal justice research. "]
[null,null,"B1","Do you believe that the only way you would admit to any crime is if you actually did the deed? Especially if you had nothing to do with it?"]
[null,null,"B2","Are you sure that those taking a plea deal must have done something criminal? If they didn't do anything wrong, then why would they confess to it?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B147","v":"Forensic evidence points conclusively to culpability."}]
[null,null,"A1","Forensic evidence does not provide conclusive proof of culpability. It is important to understand that forensic evidence is often circumstantial, inherently probabilistic, and subject to limitations and potential errors. Scientific studies, legal cases, and expert analyses indicate that forensic evidence should be considered as one component of a broader investigative and evidentiary context, not as absolute proof of guilt."]
[null,null,"A2","Forensic evidence is a powerful investigative and evidentiary tool, but it is not infallible or inherently conclusive of guilt. Its value depends heavily on the context, quality of analysis, and corroboration with other evidence. Courts and legal professionals must apply rigorous standards and skepticism in interpreting forensic findings to avoid wrongful convictions."]
[null,null,"B1","Aren't all those CSI shows on TV demonstrating the power of scientific evidence to identify the guilty? Don't we trust the science?"]
[null,null,"B2","Don't burn patterns point conclusively to arson? Bite marks to the violent biter? Blood spatter to the culprit? Aren't these validated by scientific research?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B166","v":"The appellate process corrects miscarriages of justice."}]
[null,null,"A1","The myth that the appeals process will correct any miscarriages of justice is false. While appeals provide a mechanism to challenge convictions or sentences, they have important limitations that often prevent them from fully correcting miscarriages of justice."]
[null,null,"A2","While the appeals process is important for justice, it is not a foolproof mechanism that will correct every miscarriage of justice due to procedural limits, evidentiary restrictions, and broader systemic challenges."]
[null,null,"B1","Isn't the role of the appellate process to catch and correct miscarriages of justice? Including faulty convictions from legal technicalities?"]
[null,null,"B2","Doesn't the fact that the appellate panel reverses few convictions serve as proof that wrongful convictions are truly rare? Isn't this proof we have a good working justice system?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B175","v":"Eyewitness ID of a perpetrator is reliable."}]
[null,null,"A1","The myth that eyewitness identification of a perpetrator is consistently reliable is false. Eyewitness testimony is often convincing but can be highly fallible and prone to errors. Research shows that memory is malleable and subject to distortion without the witness's awareness, meaning eyewitness identification is vulnerable to misidentifications even by confident witnesses."]
[null,null,"A2","Eyewitness identification should be carefully scrutinized, with consideration of confidence, decision time, lineup fairness, and individual differences, to avoid wrongful convictions based on unreliable eyewitness memory."]
[null,null,"B1","Are you certain you can identify someone who hit you? Even if you only had a split second glimpse of them in the dark?"]
[null,null,"B2","Do you trust that police lineups are conducted with rigorous standards? Or that our criminal system is already too soft on criminals and not supportive enough of those volunteering to serve as an eyewitness?"]
[]
[null,{"$f":"B184","v":"The judge is the most powerful person in a courtroom."}]
[null,null,"A1","The myth that \"the judge is the most powerful person in the criminal justice system\" can be debunked by understanding the different roles, powers, and limits of judges compared to other key actors like prosecutors, defense attorneys, and juries."]
[null,null,"A2","While judges have crucial responsibilities and control court proceedings, they are not the supreme power in the criminal justice system. Prosecutors often have more influence over the initiation and resolution of cases, and the system’s design distributes power among judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and juries. Thus, the claim that judges are the most powerful is a myth; power in the criminal justice system is balanced and shared among multiple actors."]
[null,null,"B1","Isn't the trial judge the one with most of the social influence during a criminal investigation? Doesn't the judge control all the decisions shaping a trial outcome?"]
[null,null,"B2","Doesn't the prosecutor acquiesce to the options laid out by the trial judge? Isn't the prosecutor limited by what the judge decides as legally fair or not?"]
{"$rows_empty":81}
[null,"UNDER THE HOOD end"]